1. 直接雷擊
雷(lei)電直接擊中現(xian)場儀表(biao)或與之連接的管(guan)路(lu)，通常會損(sun)(sun)壞儀表(biao)的傳感器(qi)模件并且可(ke)能損(sun)(sun)壞變送器(qi)的電子(zi)(zi)線路(lu)板。雷(lei)電流(liu)(liu)在沿儀表(biao)支架(jia)流(liu)(liu)入大地的過(guo)程中，產生強大的感應(ying)磁場，能通過(guo)信號(hao)傳輸線路(lu)耦合到控制(zhi)室DCS 等電子(zi)(zi)設(she)備內，損(sun)(sun)壞DCS 等電子(zi)(zi)設(she)備。
2. 感應雷擊
（1）靜電(dian)(dian)感應。當(dang)雷云來臨時(shi)，地面(mian)物體(ti)，尤其(qi)是(shi)導體(ti)聚積大量電(dian)(dian)荷產生放電(dian)(dian)，放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流若進入現場(chang)儀表和用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設備，造(zao)成設備損壞(huai)。
（2）電(dian)磁(ci)脈沖。雷電(dian)流(liu)在(zai)其通道周圍的空間(jian)產生電(dian)磁(ci)場，向外輻射(she)電(dian)磁(ci)波(bo)，耦合到控制室(shi)的計(ji)算機、儀(yi)表(biao)(biao)和(he)現(xian)場儀(yi)器儀(yi)表(biao)(biao)，以及各類金(jin)屬導體上，產生感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動勢或感(gan)生電(dian)流(liu)，造成(cheng)設備故障(zhang)，損壞以致控制系統失(shi)靈。
3. 雷電(dian)過電(dian)壓侵入
直接(jie)擊(ji)雷(lei)或雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)感應(ying)都(dou)可能使導線或金屬產生過電(dian)(dian)壓，此雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)過電(dian)(dian)壓沿(yan)各(ge)種金屬管道、電(dian)(dian)纜槽、電(dian)(dian)纜線路就(jiu)可能將(jiang)高電(dian)(dian)位引入儀表系統，造成(cheng)干擾和破壞。
4. 反(fan)擊
裝(zhuang)置接(jie)(jie)閃時，強(qiang)大(da)的瞬間(jian)雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過(guo)引(yin)下(xia)線(xian)流入接(jie)(jie)地(di)裝(zhuang)置，由于大(da)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的存在，雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷不能快速(su)向大(da)地(di)泄放(fang)，必然會(hui)(hui)引(yin)起局部地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位上升(sheng)（可能上百(bai)千伏），如果儀表(biao)控制系統(tong)的接(jie)(jie)地(di)體與該點沒有足(zu)夠安(an)全距離，它(ta)們之(zhi)間(jian)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，造成(cheng)反擊(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，可直接(jie)(jie)擊(ji)穿用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的絕緣部分，會(hui)(hui)對儀表(biao)控制系統(tong)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)干(gan)擾(rao)乃至破壞(huai)。
